Wednesday, December 25, 2019

The German, Austrian, and Swiss National Anthems

The melody of the German national anthem comes from the old Austrian imperial anthem â€Å"Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser† (â€Å"God Save Franz the Emperor†) by Franz Joseph Haydn  (1732-1809), which was first played on February 12, 1797. In 1841 Haydns melody was combined with with lyrics by August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben  Ã‚  (1798-1874) to create â€Å"Das Lied der Deutschen† or â€Å"Das Deutschlandlied.† From the time of Bismarcks Prussia (1871) up to the end of the First World War this anthem was replaced by another. In 1922 the first president of the German Republic (the â€Å"Weimar Republic†), Friedrich Ebert, officially introduced â€Å"Das Lied der Deutschen† as the national anthem. During the 12 years of the Nazi era, the first stanza was the official anthem. In May 1952 the third stanza was proclaimed the official anthem of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) by President Theodor Heuss. (East Germany had its own anthem.) The second verse, while never  verboten (forbidden), was not very popular because of its â€Å"wine, women, and song† references. The fourth verse was written by Albert Matthà ¤i during the French occupation of the Ruhr region in 1923. It is not part of the anthem today. Since 1952, only the third (â€Å"Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit†) verse has been the official anthem. Das Lied der Deutschen Song of the Germans German Lyrics Literal English Translation Deutschland, Deutschland ber alles, Germany, Germany above all, ber alles in der Welt, Above everything in the world, Wenn es stets zu Schutz und Trutze When always, for protection, Brderlich zusammenhlt, We stand together as brothers. Von der Maas bis an die Memel, From the Maas to the Memel Von der Etsch bis an den Belt - From the Etsch to the Belt - Deutschland, Deutschland ber alles, Germany, Germany above all ber alles in der Welt. Above all in the world. Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue, German women, German loyalty, Deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang German wine and German song, Sollen in der Welt behalten Shall retain in the world, Ihren alten schnen Klang, Their old lovely ring Uns zu edler Tat begeistern To inspire us to noble deeds Unser ganzes Leben lang. Our whole life long. Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue, German women, German loyalty, Deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang German wine and German song. Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit Unity and law and freedom fr das deutsche Vaterland! For the German Fatherland Danach lasst uns alle streben Let us all strive for that Brderlich mit Herz und Hand! In brotherhood with heart and hand! Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit Unity and law and freedom Sind des Glckes Unterpfand; Are the foundation for happiness Blh im Glanze dieses Glckes, Bloom in the glow of happiness Blhe, deutsches Vaterland. Bloom, German Fatherland. Deutschland, Deutschland ber alles,* Germany, Germany above all* Und im Unglck nun erst recht. And in misfortune all the more. Nur im Unglck kann die Liebe Only in misfortune can love Zeigen, ob sie stark und echt. Show if its strong and true. Und so soll es weiterklingen And so it should ring out Von Geschlechte zu Geschlecht: From generation to generation: Deutschland, Deutschland ber alles, Germany, Germany above all, Und im Unglck nun erst recht. And in misfortune all the more. Listen to  the  Melody: Lied der Deutschen  or to the the  Deutschlandlied  (orchestral version. Austrian National Anthem: Land der Berge The national anthem (Bundeshymne) of the  Republik Ãâ€"sterreich  (Republic of Austria) was officially adopted on February 25, 1947, following a contest to find a replacement for the former imperial anthem by Haydn that had been appropriated by Germany in 1922 and now also had Nazi associations. The composer of the melody is not certain, but its origin goes back to 1791, when it was created for the freemason lodge to which both Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Johann Holzer (1753-1818) belonged. Current theory says that either Mozart or Holzer could have composed the melody. The lyrics were written by Paula von Preradovic (1887-1951), the winner of the 1947 competition. Preradovic was the mother of the Austrian Minister of Education, Felix Hurdes, who had encouraged her (a distinguished writer and poet) to enter the contest.   The  Swiss National Anthem (Die Schweizer Nationalhymne) The Swiss national anthem has a unique history that reflects the  nature of Switzerland itself. Switzerland (die Schweiz) may be an old country, but its current national anthem has only been official since 1981. Although the Schweizer Landeshymne or Landeshymne was tentatively approved by the Swiss Nationalrat in 1961 and was in general use after 1965, the anthem did not actually become official for another 20 years (April 1, 1981). The anthem itself, originally known as the Schweizerpsalm, is much older. In 1841 the priest and composer Alberik Zwyssig of Urn was asked to compose music for a patriotic poem written by his friend, Zurich music publisher Leonhard Widmer. He used a hymn that he had already composed, and adapted it for Widmers words. The result was the Schweizerpsalm, which soon became popular in parts of Switzerland. But some Swiss cantons, such as French-speaking Neuchatel, had their own anthems. Efforts to select an official Swiss national anthem (to replace an old one that used the British God Save the Queen/King melody) ran up against the countrys five languages and strong regional identities until 1981.

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Essay about Existence of Free Will - 1661 Words

Existence of Free Will Existence of free will is often argued from introspection. Freedom means choice. Since I chose to write this paper and I could have chosen otherwise, I am free in writing this paper. However, to establish that I could have chosen otherwise, proving that I felt that I could have chosen otherwise is not enough: One must also prove that my choice is the original cause of my motives to write this paper. According to compatibilists, your action is free if the immediate cause of the action are your thoughts, there is no coercion, no duress (physical or mental), and your thoughts satisfy a certain condition on freedom, which varies depending on the compatibilist. If that is used as definition of freedom, then my†¦show more content†¦Moreover, the only way to show existence of possibilities is through choices and randomness, so if the world is deterministic, there is no evidence that the world can possibly be anything but what it is; deciding what is possible would be a matter of convention and not reality. In a deterministic world, choosing to do otherwise is as impossible as choosing for 2+2 to equal five: Under no circumstance does any person has any choice. Rejection of determinism, however, is insufficient for free will. Mere randomness does not amount to freedom since it is indistinguishable whether the randomness is generated now or one million years ago. Postulating a free agent is not sufficient either, because of the following argument: Suppose that whenever you act, you act a particular way solely because of the way you are except for the external factors or randomness. At this moment, you cannot change what you are at this moment since at any given time you are what you are at that time. The external factors are also what they are--they can change with time, but we are analyzing them at the time you make the choice. If an outcome is random, you cannot choose it either. If you had chosen to act otherwise, then since your choice is based solely on yourself, external factors, and randomness, these factors would be different from what they are. Since you cannot change these factors, you cannot choose to act otherwise. For a choice t o be genuine,Show MoreRelatedReflection On The Existence Of Free Will1135 Words   |  5 PagesI. Conceptual Clarification â€Å"Causality† - Causality, within the context of determining the existence of free will, is the â€Å"causal link [that] determines what the future looks like.† (Rauhut, 82) In other words, it is the relationship between two or more events, in which an action is caused or influenced by a prior event. For example, within the context of my â€Å"big decision,† I am choosing between getting a traditional job or selling artwork. The causality within this scenario exists in that IRead MoreThe Debate Over The Existence Of Free Will1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe debate over the existence of free will is possibly one of the most important discussions of human nature. Insight into this debate holds vast ethical, legal and political implications. In my experience, those who are not familiar with the topic often conflate free will for consciousness, and impetuously accept the existence of free will. Free will is defined as the freedom of humans to make choices that ar e not determined by prior physical causes. Those who believe in free will thus ascribe aRead MoreThe Issue Over The Existence Of Free Will Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesBackground The up and coming fields of neuroscience and neuropsychology have the potential to break a seemingly everlasting stalemate on the debate over the existence of free will. Breaking away from a purely theoretical approach to discussing a philosophical question could shed some light into our greatest existential dilemmas. German philosopher Martin Heidegger himself said, â€Å"we ourselves are entities to be analyzed,† and that seems ever so fitting for the investigation into consciousness. AlthoughRead MoreDeterminism Vs. Indeterminism And The Existence Of Free Will2943 Words   |  12 PagesThough there is no singular definition of ‘free will’, the standard argument against it is the dilemma between determinism/indeterminism and the fact that these two concepts threaten the prospect or the existence of free will. Determinism is the basic philosophical principle that every event, including human decisions and actions, are the imminent consequence of prior events. St rict determinism would argue that free will does not exist due to the fact that our previous actions or past events, determineRead MoreDeterminism And Free Will Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesDeterminism and Free Will When the topic of metaphysics is mentioned, focus shifts to philosophical perspectives that give an explanation of the fundamental nature of being or existence and the universe that encompasses both. Metaphysics often seeks to answer basic questions, such as what is there and what is it like. One of the key branches of metaphysics is ontology, which refers to the philosophical study of the nature of existence, being, reality, or becoming. The significant ontologicalRead MoreJean-Paul Sartre’s Philosophy: Radical Freedom and Responsibility 1253 Words   |  6 Pagesmean when I say that man is condemned to be free† (Sartre 32). Radical freedom and responsibility is the central notion of Jean-Paul Sartre’s philosophy. However, Sartre himself raises objections about his philosophy, but he overcomes these obvious objections. In this paper I will argue that man creates their own essence through their choices and that our values and choices are important because th ey allow man to be free and create their own existence. I will first do this by explaining Jean-PaulRead MoreThe Existence Of Evil By Blackburn Theory1264 Words   |  6 Pages In Blackburn theory I am going to argue that his theory the existence of evil strongly suggests that there does not exist a God who is all-good, all-knowing and all-powerful to be false. In my argument I will try to present facts that show the existence of God and why there is evil. Exposition: 313 In Blackburn’s argument he basically mentions that because there is evil in the world there is no existence of a present creator. It is impossible to see the suffering that’s goingRead MoreThe Existence Of Evil Within The World Created By A Good God1004 Words   |  5 PagesThe existence of evil in a world created by a good God Introduction It is by divine design that evil can exist in a world created by a good God. Evil would not exist if God did not will it into existence. Balance is also a major factor as to why evil has been brought into reality. Chinese philosophy of Ying and Yang has a great principle that states â€Å"that all things exist as inseparable and contradictory opposites (Cartwright, 2012).† Good cannot be recognized without the recognition of evil andRead More The Problem of Evil Disproved by the Free Will Defense Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesThe Problem of Evil Disproved by the Free Will Defense The Problem of Evil states that because evil exists the existence of a tri-omni being, which we typically refer to as God, is impossible. This argument, if proved to be true, would refute the Cosmological Argument for God’s Existence. The Cosmological Argument states that not every being can be a dependent being without infinite regress (which is believed to be impossible), so there exists a tri-omni self dependent being knownRead MoreRejection of Existentialism Essays837 Words   |  4 Pagesthe belief that existence precedes essence. To help illustrate his point he presents the example of a paper knife, an object that possess a set of qualities that enable it to carry out its purpose. He states that it would not have been created without a particular purpose, therefore its essence precedes its existence. (Sartre) Sartre rejects this idea when it comes to mankind and declares that humans in themselves have no nature and define themselves after coming into ex istence. This stems from

Monday, December 9, 2019

Leadership Integration Project Report †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Identify, record, and remark on relevant concepts and ideas with evident value for your life/work context? 2.Develop a value-added component for yourLeadershipIntegration Project Report? Answers: 1. The review of Learning Skills focuses particularly on what the learner has learnt during their learning skills sessions. The lesson is highly important as it gives the professor a critical look on what understanding and knowledge the learners have gained in general. It also assists in focusing on the key concepts as well as ideas, the changes in the perception of the learners and of their own-selves. In addition to this, the lessons have been introduced as well as discussed throughout their course. It also provides the students with assistance in checking whether they value the learning or not. The skills are enough to use in their daily lives. The lessons particularly focus on the key ideas and concepts which are being discussed all throughout the course (Kolb, 2014). I have learned many new things during the class presentations, which is important for my future. Firstly, it helped me in being able to think, stop as well as reflect about all the things which are important. Reflecting and reviewing helps in retaining the things which I have learned and also it assists in increasing the awareness of what has happened. There is always a room for improvement. It is important that each and every individual think why and how they can improve themselves. May be, this subject has taught me a lot, but I have to find better ways of how I can learn more about it and improve myself. Secondly, in my opinion, I feel that these kinds of reflections helps in evaluating on what needs more improvement and what went well (Wlodkowski Ginsberg, 2017). Thirdly, I have learned how to get personally connected with the materials that are provided during the presentation sessions. According to me, it is highly important to get emotionally connected with the new information with the previously acquired experiences and knowledge. I have partially accomplished the days learning outcomes because of the following reasons: The collection of the information and its nature was a bit hard to grab in the first place. In addition to this, the overall procedure was a bit difficult, to some extent. I have accomplished the points but partially, because of the nature of the presentations. The presentations were lengthy and at times, the lecture classes became a bit boring. In my opinion, presentations must be short and crisp and easily understandable. Long and descriptive presentations take time to complete and listeners may lose their attention while adapting the lessons (Cornish Jenkins, 2012). The time that was allotted to take notes was a bit less. The professor could have given sometime for the students to take notes of the lessons. However, the goal is not to get the learners look through the presentations, but also keep a note of those sessions. Whatever is remembered are the clearest and the most valid picture of the learners. The communication loop can be easily used in this portion of the learning lessons as the visual. The professor can begin the lesson by explaining the goals, objectives as well as the overall purpose of the education (Redfield, 2012). The key concepts as well as visuals could have been utilized as the staircase and the communication procedure of this lesson. In my opinion, reflecting as well as evaluating is one of the most important skills and standards which adults need to do in order to ensure that their life goals get improved or enhanced. The learning skills writing activities and reviewing helped in retaining the knowledge as well as experiences of the learners. In addition to this, it also gave an overview of how the skills affect an individuals daily life and education (Dana Yendol-Hoppey, 2014). In order to move in the direction of Grade A, it is important to adopt a positive mental attitude. When a student is receiving poor grades frequently, he/she may start feeling defeated or depressed. He/she might feel like giving up. However, the first step on the road of improving grades is to turn off the negativity switch. The student needs to adopt a positive attitude about the situation, if he/she is willing to improve his/her academic grades. The grades are not what the students should aim for, but they must have a positive attitude about doing something great. Instead of thinking, I am a failure, the students must start thinking, I will achieve better than this. The students must start working on their areas of improvement. They need to work out on their targeted areas, before drawing up an action plan (Brophy, 2013). It is better to keep a check on their previous grades and their patterns. Now, he/she needs to think about the specific reasons why the grades are lower. In addition to this, if there are any external factors, the students must work on it and identify the improvement areas. Taking notes of the professors lecture is a great way of adapting his/her style and in turn, will help the student achieve good results. Moreover, talking and communicating with the professors is a great way of drawing up an action plan, in order to improve the grades. Furthermore, the students must ask their professor on why they need to improve and on which areas they need to concentrate the most. Paying more attention in the class as well as asking questions is a great way of acquiring knowledge. Therefore, a student must start organizing his/her life in order to yield better outcomes (Daloz, 2012). 2. In order to develop a value added component for the Leadership Integration Project, it is important to keep certain things in mind. The fundamental rule is that the succession management plan must be flexible in nature and oriented towards the personal developmental activities. It should not be a rigid list of the high potential plans and activities. By compiling both the leadership development as well as succession planning, the individuals will be able to develop certain skills and abilities. It is not just about gaining educational achievements, but also leadership skills and abilities. Leadership development helps in delivering greater results and outcomes (Goetsch Davis, 2014). The values of leadership are the guiding principles in the lives of every individual. It occurs within the context of the core values. Furthermore, having qualities of leadership helps in facilitating as well as guiding others to make positive differences and contribute to the larger good. The values of leadership help in activating the learning of the core values and also give an idea of how it can be developed as well as activated. By laying focus on the individuals value and belief and also building a positive understanding, results in developing a problem solving activity among the students. The most important value which can be applied to the Leadership Integrated Project is group projects, in order to generate a team building capacity among the team members (Goleman, 2017). Team building helps in giving a powerful boost for the effectiveness and spirit of any group. It is important for the leaders to set a tone along with an inspiring theme. A well designed as well as delivered team can help in building team programs, which in turn will lead to a better understanding, stronger motivation and clearer alignment. In addition to this, organizing events on team building is a bigger responsibility, which the educational leaders must undertake. Using internal communications will get everybody ready as well as interested for the team events. Professors must conduct lessons on team building activities and give group projects to the students. Team building values can help in yielding better outcomes before deadline (Erkutlu, 2012). Some students may face issues in cooperating with each and every member of the team. Some may prefer working alone and excelling in that. However, team building lessons help in generating a strong bonding or connection between the members of the team. At times, the foundational values of a team are a bit challenging to detect. For instance; if any one member of the team is performing and the others are not, it may lead to the failure of the overall team. The performance of the one member will not be considered in such cases. Therefore, it is the duty of the professors to give proper education and trainings on building up the level of team performances (Boies, Fiset Gill, 2015). In addition to this, the students must have proper knowledge on the benefits and drawbacks of team work. The benefits of working in a team generally include increased efficiency, mutual support and the ability to focus on the given task. Most of the educational institutions give team or group projects in order to test the students abilities to work or perform in a team. There are several benefits of working in a team. Firstly, it yields better outcomes. Teamwork leads to better academic outcomes because it assists the team in bringing or introducing new resources in order to bear the challenges. Moreover, there is particularly more oversight to reduce the risks of poor contributions of the individuals (Wang, Waldman Zhang, 2014). Furthermore, a good team consists of diversified members. At the time, when these members apply their different skills and knowledge to the same task, it becomes more effective as well as efficient, that when one person works on the given task. In addition to this, when a team works well together, by maintaining peace and harmony, they accomplish more than what an individual achieve alone. This helps in saving time, resources as well as the members develop a competitive nature against other teams. Moreover, when the teams work together, they become supportive towards others and develop a mutual support among themselves. Mutual support helps in encouraging as well as motivating the members in achieving their goals and objectives (Dyer Dyer, 2013). In order to achieve these benefits the individual members must work well together. They must be able to put the thoughts together for not their own accomplishments, but for the benefit of the team. In addition to this, team work helps in fostering learning and creativity by blending complementary strengths. Working together will let the individuals build on the talents of their team mates. Each time the individuals see their co-members utilize a different working procedure or approach; others may get a chance to improve or adjust their methods in accordance with that. Furthermore, this particular method of team work will enable the team mates to build strong bonds or connections with their co-members. Trusting the team members will also provide a feeling of security or safety, which will in turn allow the concepts or ideas to emerge (Hoch Kozlowski, 2014). Therefore, team work can be considered as a value added component for the Leadership Integration Project. References Boies, K., Fiset, J., Gill, H. (2015). Communication and trust are key: Unlocking the relationship between leadership and team performance and creativity.The Leadership Quarterly,26(6), 1080-1094. Brophy, J. E. (2013).Motivating students to learn. Routledge. Cornish, L., Jenkins, K. A. (2012). Encouraging teacher development through embedding reflective practice in assessment.Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education,40(2), 159-170. Daloz, L. A. (2012).Mentor: guiding the journey of adult learners (with new foreword, introduction, and afterword). John Wiley Sons. Dana, N. F., Yendol-Hoppey, D. (2014).The reflective educator's guide to classroom research: Learning to teach and teaching to learn through practitioner inquiry. Corwin Press. Dyer, W. G., Dyer, J. H. (2013).Team building: Proven strategies for improving team performance. John Wiley Sons. Erkutlu, H. (2012). The impact of organizational culture on the relationship between shared leadership and team proactivity.Team Performance Management: An International Journal,18(1/2), 102-119. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Goleman, D. (2017).Leadership That Gets Results (Harvard Business Review Classics). Harvard Business Press. Hoch, J. E., Kozlowski, S. W. (2014). Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership.Journal of applied psychology,99(3), 390. Kolb, D. A. (2014).Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press. Redfield, R. J. (2012). Why do we have to learn this stuff?a new genetics for 21st century students.PLoS biology,10(7), e1001356. Wang, D., Waldman, D. A., Zhang, Z. (2014). A meta-analysis of shared leadership and team effectiveness.Journal of applied psychology,99(2), 181. Wlodkowski, R. J., Ginsberg, M. B. (2017).Enhancing adult motivation to learn: A comprehensive guide for teaching all adults. John Wiley Sons.

Monday, December 2, 2019

Retaining Staff &Reducing Employee Turnover Essays -

Retaining Staff &Reducing Employee Turnover Introduction Employee turnover and the retention of valued employees are major problems facing business in the U.S. The average turnover rate is hovering at 15%. The costs associated with that turnover can be high - generally 25 percent of the individual's annual salary. Unemployment in the United States is at a 24-year low. Employee loyalty is down. Never before has it been so critical to focus on strategies for keeping good employees. However finding a solution to high turnover is not easy. One major incentive for retaining employees is the cost of turnover. Keeping good employees increases profits. Employee turnover is a direct drain on the bottom line. Another incentive for employee retention is the high cost of recruiting and replacing valued employees. In a low-unemployment market, employees are increasingly difficult to find. Many employers are trying to reduce employee turnover with quick fixes, gimmicks, games, and prizes that just don't work. Organizations are finding that the solutions are more about how you treat employees than tangible items that are given to them. Also, the concept of employee loyalty diminished as employees realized that doing a good job and being loyal to an employer no longer mattered. True solutions require a change in management's attitudes and behaviors toward employees. The ultimate strategy to reduce the costs of turnover and high recruitment is to manage for retention. A wait and see approach will not work. Developing a proactive strategy to keeping key employees is essential. Whether it means identifying employees that contribute the most to the bottom line and developing programs that will satisfy them, providing, compensation programs that provide the types of rewards that are important to each employee or taking a closer look at the overall organization's culture, some immediate actions must be taken. Why are Top Talent Jumping Ship? The job market is competitive and the labor pool is shrinking. Employers are more and more frequently vying for the same candidates. The tight labor market is likely to play increasingly important factors in why some companies are losing their top talent. The current economic situation has created an increase in the amount of employment opportunities and companies are trying everything to woo employees away from their competitors. It is predicted that the job market this year will be the best this decade. Governmental efforts to reduce the budget deficit have led to a reduction in interest rates, which allows business to grow. The U.S. has also grown more competitive in the international business community, which also contributes to an increase in job opportunities. The renewal of the economy has increased some firms sense of national confidence and when businesses feel more confident of the economic future, they are more likely to expand and hire more employees. Although a good economy has some effects on a company's ability to retain staff there are other factors. Some employees are jumping ship because their needs are not being met. The lack of challenging and stimulating work, fair pay, the tools and resources needed to do their jobs, recognition for work well done and involvement in the decisions that impact their day to day lives at work, factor into their decision to leave an employer. However some employers have found that meeting the basic need of employees is not enough. When it comes to motivating and retaining employees, organizations are finding that they must become increasingly innovative, by offering a number of creative incentives, benefits and services that are designed to make employees' lives easier and more stress free - at work and at home. Some employees leave their employers because the skills they possess are in demand, they may be lured away by higher pay, better benefits, or better job growth potential. In this case, a company must take a close look at their organization and determine if they are still competitive. Another reason employees leave is because there was a bad match between the employee's skills and the job. Employees who are placed in jobs that are too difficult for them or whose skills are underutilized may become discouraged and quit. However, every employee who leaves your company is not dissatisfied. Some will retire, relocate, quit because of family circumstances, change professions, or

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Free Essays on Definition Paper On The Word “band“

â€Å"A group of musicians organized for playing together.† This is how Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines band, but I have my own description. It’s a group of unique students who are all friends. All of us get along without fighting, and without name calling. There is no dictator in the band; we are all equal to one another. The band directors are like our parents, always looking out for us and making sure we’re taken care of. With our band the word â€Å"musician† should be used loosely. We try our hardest to be musicians but sometimes the social aspect of band gets in the way. None of us really want to the play the pieces; we want to talk about the upcoming weekend Organized, that’s funny. Nothing about our band is organized. We run around during practice and procrastinate about memorizing our music for future games. Somehow we all manage to settle down on out own and try to accomplish one objective our director’s wanted out of many. The Ames High Band doesn’t play, we interpret. We come up with stories about the piece we’re playing and form our music to the story we have created. All of us are very talented in the band. Whether it’s musically or socially. Everything the band does, we do together. There is no individuality in the band. We dress alike; we wear our hair alike, travel together and go to parties together. We love each other in the band, and don’t want to separate from each other. This being my last year in band is like moving out of the family house. I’ve lived with these people so long; it’s going to be hard to move on. I’m just cherishing every moment my family.... Free Essays on Definition Paper On The Word â€Å"bandâ€Å" Free Essays on Definition Paper On The Word â€Å"bandâ€Å" â€Å"A group of musicians organized for playing together.† This is how Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines band, but I have my own description. It’s a group of unique students who are all friends. All of us get along without fighting, and without name calling. There is no dictator in the band; we are all equal to one another. The band directors are like our parents, always looking out for us and making sure we’re taken care of. With our band the word â€Å"musician† should be used loosely. We try our hardest to be musicians but sometimes the social aspect of band gets in the way. None of us really want to the play the pieces; we want to talk about the upcoming weekend Organized, that’s funny. Nothing about our band is organized. We run around during practice and procrastinate about memorizing our music for future games. Somehow we all manage to settle down on out own and try to accomplish one objective our director’s wanted out of many. The Ames High Band doesn’t play, we interpret. We come up with stories about the piece we’re playing and form our music to the story we have created. All of us are very talented in the band. Whether it’s musically or socially. Everything the band does, we do together. There is no individuality in the band. We dress alike; we wear our hair alike, travel together and go to parties together. We love each other in the band, and don’t want to separate from each other. This being my last year in band is like moving out of the family house. I’ve lived with these people so long; it’s going to be hard to move on. I’m just cherishing every moment my family....

Saturday, November 23, 2019

16 Video Marketing Tips That Will Skyrocket Your Traffic - CoSchedule

16 Video Marketing Tips That Will Skyrocket Your Traffic What’s the one thing people want aside from love and acceptance? More web traffic, of course! Okay, maybe that’s overstating the case. But what marketers don’t covet more qualified traffic to their blogs, landing pages, and websites? None that I know. Increasing blog traffic  is something we rs are always working on, as well. And we’ve shared some strategies that work extremely well like nailing your personas  and taking data-driven approaches. Today, I’ll share another angle to attract the right folks at the right time: video marketing. Why? Well, some pretty big claims have been made about its effectiveness and future relevance. For instance, research shows that: Video will be responsible for 80 percent of the world’s internet traffic  by 2019. 75 percent of mobile web traffic  will be video by 2020. And today, 33 percent of all online activity is†¦ you guessed it†¦ watching video. One thing’s for sure: with video’s upward trend, we marketers better know how to use it well if we’re going to keep audiences engaged and  coming back for more. After all, your audience spends hours watching YouTube, too 😎 Since creating video content takes real effort, I’ve assembled this list as a foolproof way to crush every video marketing campaign- every time. And it’s focused on what you can do to drive traffic using your video after it’s been created. The big question is, â€Å"How can you ensure both you and your audience get as much value out of your video content as possible?† From these actionable tips, you’ll learn: How to skyrocket qualified traffic with your video marketing. How to extract every ounce of value from your video marketing efforts. How to ensure you don’t miss a single tactic available to the savvy video marketer. 16 Video Marketing Tips That Will Skyrocket Your TrafficFirst, Make Sure to Download Your Free, 7-Resource Video Marketing Kit There are loads of details, tactics, and how-tos in the tips below. To make sure you get the most out of them, we bundled together some essential tools. Your video marketing kit includes: Video Marketing Checklist Infographic: A rundown for implementing the tactics in this action-packed post! 180+ Power Words for Emotional Headlines: Harness the power of emotions to drive traffic and viewers with your video marketing. Catchy Blog Titles: Want clicks? Write headlines- and video titles- that stick. Content Calendar Template: Stay organized with all written, video, and visual content. Social Media Editorial Calendar Template: Keep your social media post organized so you know exactly how- and when- video marketing should take center stage. Best Times To Post  Infographic: Timing is everything! Learn to post during the â€Å"rush hour† times when you’ll have your audience’s attention. Micro-Influencer Marketing Checklist: Reach out to thought leaders in your industry to promote your videos with authority. Jump to a section: YouTube Video Marketing Tips Facebook Video Marketing Tips Twitter and Instagram Video Marketing Tips Tips to Use Video for Blogging + Email Now, let’s get started with sixteen video marketing tips that’ll have your audience clicking like mad and coming back for more! YouTube Video Marketing Tips Alright, let’s kick this off with the video juggernaut even our grandmas use: YouTube. If you’re reading this, you’ve probably heard the stat that YouTube is the second-largest search engine on the web. With our collective Google SERP  obsession, YouTube is an obvious choice for video marketing. While you can take a deeper dive with YouTube’s Creator Academy, we’ll cut to the chase with seven actionable tips to help you grab views and generate web traffic with your video content. 1) Create Awesome YouTube Thumbnails Even though they’re a seemingly small detail, YouTube thumbnails can make or break your chances at getting clicks. My favorite analogy comes from writer Maria Jose: â€Å"The YouTube thumbnail is the 21st century’s book cover.† Thumbnails are the small, clickable pics that visually represent each video. They also have a job to do: click and stick. Thumbnails need to attract people to click and then stick around to watch it. Here are five rules of what makes a quality thumbnail: Pair well with the first 10–15 seconds of your video content.  People’s attention spans are tiny. So, your thumbnail should closely pair with the beginning of your video  for a seamless experience that avoids disorienting viewers.Put simply, you don’t want people scratching their heads wondering, â€Å"Is this the right video?†For example, I love this thumbnail from Grant Cardone: Not only does it show exactly who the viewer will see within the first four seconds of the video, it also evokes an emotional response with the pair facing off.Which leads us well into rule number two.Exception:  If you have a super-duper interesting image from later on in your video, take a chance on using it. In that case, it could act as a teaser and/or reward to keep people watching. Just make sure it’s actually a frame from your video. Use people- especially closeups of their faces- whenever possible.  Because people are emotional, they’re affected by emotions. Admit it, you’ve teared up at least once watching a video of a soldier reuniting with his or her family (like  this one  Ã°Å¸Ëœ ­).Psychological research shows that people will mirror  both the emotional states and behavior of people they’re positively engaged with.So take this opportunity to put human psychology to work for you by using appropriate, and compelling, close-ups from your video that showcase emotion. Video Credit: Actualized.org Think twice about using the same background for a video series and its thumbnails.  Take this tip with a grain of salt and use them wisely.Using the same background in your videos- and thumbnails- can occasionally make viewers mistakenly think they’re seeing the same video pop up in a feed or sidebar.Make sure your thumbnails look different enough to avoid missing valuable traffic from such a simple oversight. Be brand consistent.  Like all of your content, video marketing is another opportunity to build brand awareness  through consistent visuals.The Mental_Floss YouTube channel  is an excellent example of this.They use similar graphics with text treatments that tell you exactly what to expect in the video. Then, their incredible host, John Green, hangs out in the same eclectic mishmash-of-a-set for every video.This is a conscience brand decision that delivers consistency without feeling played out. Have no text in the bottom right-hand corner.  Lastly, avoid adding any text to the bottom right-hand corner of your thumbnail. That’s where YouTube overlays your video’s time stamp, which would obscure any text/info you put there! Now that you’re armed with five rules for killer thumbnails, let’s take a look at how to create them. Of course, you can always use pro software like Photoshop  or CorelDraw. But what if you either don’t have access to programs like these or your designer is swamped? Never fear, Canva  is here! Canva is a freemium design app that helps anybody create pro-level graphics faster than this high-fiving puppy will make you smile. To begin, go to Canva’s custom YouTube thumbnail creator, which will land you at this screen: Next, click the big green button to get started by creating a new account or signing in. If it’s your first time using this tool, you’ll be prompted to take a quick tour- which I highly recommend. It shows you the ins-and-outs of using their drag-and-drop editor. After you’ve seen how it works, it’s time to get started. From here, there are two paths to take: Create a thumbnail image from a blank canvas, Or, customize one of their pre-designed templates. In this example, we’ll use one of their templates (which I highly recommend unless you’ve got some design chops). Choose a template from one of the left-hand columns. As you hover over the options, you’ll notice some are free, while others cost a dollar or two. Find the design that best represents your brand and video, then click on it. This will auto-populate the template on your design canvas. Next, double-click on the title text to add your video’s title and subtitle. If you need more text, you can add it by clicking on the text icon at the far left. Just make sure your thumbnail isn’t too busy- you don’t have much real estate to work with, after all. Now you will change the all-important background image. There are two ways to go about this. First, you can click in the search field at the upper left-hand corner. There you can search through myriad stock photos that run the gamut of free to paid. If you go the stock photo route, click on the image you like and it’ll populate on your design canvas. Once it does, drag it into place. You may need to choose the â€Å"arrange† option in the upper right-hand corner if you want to send your image behind other layers- like your title text, for instance. The other way to set your background image is to use your own- which I recommend. Instead of searching through stock photos, you’ll click on the â€Å"upload† icon at the bottom of the tools column at the far left. Simply choose the image you’d like to use and upload it. Just make sure it’s sized at 1280x720 pixels- or a 16:9 ratio. That’s YouTube’s preferred thumbnail size. (If you need help resizing a still image from your video, you can use an app like picresize  or ResizeImage.net  for free.) Finally, the moment we’ve all been waiting for... It’s time to download your freshly-created YouTube thumbnail. Do this by clicking on the â€Å"Download† button on the top bar. Then, choose whether you’d like a JPG or PNG. (Note that PDFs won’t work in this instance, as YouTube doesn’t accept that file type for thumbnails.) And voila- you’re all set! Now it’s time to upload your custom thumbnail to YouTube. This is an easy process that you can follow step-by-step via YouTube’s video below: One more thing... However, there is a final snag you may run into if you’re new to this. To use custom thumbnails, your YouTube channel must be verified, meaning you have confirmed ownership and liability of the account. And also, that you agree to follow their community guidelines. With that, you’re all set to create awesome thumbnails for clicks that stick every single time. #YouTube marketing tip: create awesome thumbnails to get clicks that stick2) Write Compelling  Titles/Headlines Yes, killer titles and headlines are a thing for video marketing, too. As marketing legend, David Ogilvy, said: â€Å"On the average, five times as many people read the headline as read the body copy. When you have written your headline, you have spent eighty cents out of your dollar.† Titles- like headlines- have big shoes to fill. But whenever you’re looking for advice, you’ll find tons of generic tips like: â€Å"Make it memorable and catchy!† Advice like that usually leaves me thinking: sarcasm â€Å"Gee, thanks†¦ I never woulda’ thought of that on my own.† /sarcasm Instead, let’s chat about some less-obvious tips and tricks of writing traffic-driving headlines  and emotionally-charged titles. Be searchable:  What keywords relate directly to your video content? To write freakin’ awesome titles, they must: Make a promise:  What problem will your content help your viewer solve? Tickle the emotions: Are you connecting intellectually, empathetically, or spiritually? Be the cream of the crop:  Have you written at least 20–30 headlines and chosen the best one? Let’s tackle an example together, shall we? Let’s say we’ve just pressed export on a video about how to write great headlines. You know what I would be thinking? â€Å"My headline better be freakin’ awesome†¦Ã¢â‚¬  To begin, let’s hit our mini-headline checklist above. We need to make it searchable, which means using words that match our core subject- headline writing- with other related phrases viewers are searching for. Here’s a dead-simple way to do this:  Use YouTube’s search bar for related title ideas. Sometimes this little trick will surprise you. For instance, I didn’t immediately think of a journalism angle or tie in. Now that I see the related search, though, it makes sense. Journalists are writing headlines all of the time. For our imaginary video, then, I’m going to choose the following title, then unpack a few other reasons why: â€Å"How to Write Headlines That Will Make Journalists Jealous† Now that I know I’m capitalizing on searchability without keyword-stuffing the daylights out of the title- I need to ensure it makes a promise. While there are plenty of ways to do this well, one of my favorites is to use the â€Å"How to†¦ That Will†¦Ã¢â‚¬  formula. If we break down the headline I wrote, it’s exactly that. Here’s the skeleton: â€Å"How to  [subject] That Will  [promise made + pain solved]† (â€Å"How to  Write Headlines  That Will Make Journalists Jealous†) The predictable success of this headline is further backed up by the Headline Analyzer tool I mentioned above. ( Seriously, I use the peanuts outta’ this thing.) This title clocks in with a score of 81. Notice also that it tickles the emotions with both the promise and the power word â€Å"jealous.† However, in the spirit of full disclosure, I could arguably strengthen this headline by using more Emotional Marketing Value  (EMV) words. But for the purposes of our video, I’m satisfied with combining the â€Å"how to + that will† angle with the searchability hook of journalism. Tip: Make sure you downloaded the free video marketing kit! It includes a list of 180+ emotional power words perfect for your headlines. It’s a great shortcut to eliminate guesswork. Finally, always use the title/headline that’s the cream of the crop- which is often easier said than done. At , our go-to practice is to write at least 20–30 different headlines before we ever settle on one. As you write different headlines, you’ll piece together what works, and what doesn’t. For example, if you read some of my headline examples in the screenshot above, you’ll notice I thought better of using a phrase like â€Å"beat a journalist.† I happen to like journalists and would hate to be misunderstood :) There you have it! If you follow the tips and use the tools above, you’re well on your way to writing titles that drive traffic all day long. What’s also cool is that the headline analyzer is a baked in part of . So every headline you write is scored inside the tool like magic. I use it for every post I write- even this one! You can snag a free trial here  to try including it in your content marketing workflow. #YouTube marketing tip: Make sure your video title is catchy and compelling3)  Use YouTube Cards to Increase Engagement (R.I.P. Annotations) If you’ve spent any time on YouTube, you’ve seen annotations littered across videos aplenty. They’re the clickable boxes, bubbles, and blurbs that float above videos as they play. However, to the dismay of some content creators- but the joy of many viewers- YouTube recently announced  that annotations are a dying breed and destined for extinction. The annotation is dead; long live the†¦ â€Å"Card†? Yep. There’s a new sheriff in town. And this one is far less obnoxious. Here’s what you need to know about YouTube Cards how to start using them straight away. The Cards  feature shines while a video is playing. Especially because they can be launched on either desktop or mobile (which was a limitation to annotations). To interact, the viewer will see a card indicated by a small â€Å"i† icon at the top right of the video. To date, there are five types of YouTube cards you can use to enhance your videos on both desktop and mobile. Video or playlist  to promote your other videos. Channel  to send traffic to another channel. Donation  for encouraging donations to nonprofit organizations. Poll  to ask your viewers a question, get their responses, and then provide the results instantly. Links  to approved websites. To add cards to your videos, first, login to YouTube Creator Studio. Then use the drop-down arrow  next to â€Å"edit† to add a card. From here, you can choose both the timestamp for when you’d like the card to appear and  the type of card you’d like to use. Let’s say we wanted to add a â€Å"Poll† card to our video to discover answers to the most important question of all: What kind of bear does your audience think is best? First, we click on the blue â€Å"Add card† button and then select â€Å"Poll† as the type of card we’d like to add. Then we type in our question along with the answers- of which you can have up to five. Once you’ve filled out your poll questions and answers, click on the blue â€Å"Create card† button at the bottom right. Now you’ve got yourself a card. Then, when a viewer clicks on your card, they’ll see both the poll and  the overall results. As a bonus, polls can give you additional insights by asking your audience more about their pain points and what they’d like to learn more about. #YouTube marketing tip: Drive more engagement using YouTube cards4) Use YouTube End Screens to Drive Contextual Traffic End Screens are a great way to drive contextual traffic to your related content. They’re the part of a video that shows up at the last 5–20 seconds and can include one to four clickable elements. These elements can send people to other videos, your channel, your *approved* websites, or invite them to subscribe. They also have a touch of interactivity. On desktop, they can show additional info upon hover. And on mobile, they do so upon tap. Pretty nifty. Original photo: YouTube Here’s how you get started. First, if you’re working with a video currently using annotations, you’ll have to give them the axe. But don’t worry, the system knows all. So it’ll ask you to unpublish them automatically. When you’re ready to start, here are the exact steps to take  (source): â€Å"Sign in to the your YouTube account. In the top right, click your account icon Creator Studio. In the left menu, select Video Manager Videos. For the video you want to add the end screen to, click Edit. In the top tab bar, click End screen. If the selected video contains annotations, follow the instructions to unpublish them. You can re-publish them at any time. You’ll see your video with the predefined grid and a timeline below that indicates the available part for the end screen. Click Add element. You can add up to four elements, and one of them must be a video or playlist. Choose how to build your end screen: Add element:  You can add up to four elements to a video. At least one element must be a video or playlist. Select each element and fill in the required information, then click Create element. Copy from video: You can copy an end screen from another one of your videos and edit the elements. YouTube template: You can choose from predefined formats that show combinations of elements. You'll need to define the content for the elements in the end screen, such as add the channel to be featured. Adjust the placement and size of each element on the grid. Adjust the time for the element to show in the timeline below. Click Save.† Then, once you’ve wrapped up these steps, select Preview  to grab a sneak peek and ensure things look the way you intended them to. You can also check out this sweet how-to breakdown + explainer video: Lastly, don’t forget to take full advantage of analytics and data  to incorporate into your ongoing content marketing efforts. Checking out your end screen reports  is easy. Make sure you’re signed in to the right channel. Then hop into your Creator Studio  and choose YouTube Analytics, then End Screens  to check performance and find ways to optimize. To do this, you’ll want to pay attention to these metrics especially. End screen element clicks. This will show you how many total times an end screen element was clicked. Clicks per end screen element. This will tell the story of how often an end screen element was clicked when displayed. End screen elements. And these data show the number of times elements were actually shown. (Which is a good data-point to pair with view duration to see if people are sticking around to the end- found in your Audience Retention Report.) Maximizing Traffic Using End Screens To maximize end screens (and even cards) for driving traffic, think about the related content you should link to beyond â€Å"related content.† Instead, think about what additional or related problems your viewer might need to solve next, and what other pieces of content you’ve created that can do that. This will help you align with intent at just the right time. #YouTube marketing tip: Drive more traffic with optimized end screens5) Tag It Up! If you’ve ever uploaded a video to YouTube before, it’s likely you know what tags are. However, if you’re new to the idea, no sweat. Tags are a way of adding descriptive pieces of text to your video so YouTube understands what your video is about. YouTube expert Derral Eaves breaks tags down further into four categories in this video (and he also shows step-by-step how to add them): Specific Tags  (1:37):  One word descriptions of the content. Compound Tags  (2:12):  Several words that form a single tag. (Much like a long-tail keywords for you SEO peeps.) Generic Tags  (3:07):  A higher-level descriptor of the type of content you’re offering. Misspellings  (4:03):  Very clever way to compensate for human error. Now, outside of the obvious ways to tag your video (e.g., simply describing what your video content is about), I’d like to share a nerdy insight with you. When you watch YouTube videos, one thing you’ll notice is that while the YouTube algorithm seems to know a what a video is tagged with, they’re not visible to the viewers. Unless you get all Sherlock Holmes and do some sleuthing, that is. As you know, we at are all about research- the skyscraper technique  in particular. To apply this technique to your video marketing, you’re going to need to look underneath the hood. So, find a top-performing YouTube video in your niche and then use the following steps to snoop out the tags they’re using to get some ideas. Here’s how to do it in Google Chrome  in under 5 seconds: First, simply prepend your competitor’s video URL with â€Å"view-source:† in Chrome. Next, you’ll notice you get taken to a screen that looks like a robot’s love letter. If you’re not a developer (like me), you’re first instinct may be to run away. However, you don’t need to worry about all the technical stuff. Our quarry is summoned with a simple search command. Use the find keystroke (cmd + F on Mac; cntrl + F on PC) and type in â€Å"keywords† in the search box. Then, you’ll find a list of all the keywords a given video is using. Pretty stealthy, eh? Congrats, you’re now ready to use tags to your advantage. #YouTube marketing tip: Use tags to your advantage6) Translate Tags into Foreign Languages (if aligned with business objectives) Now that you know how to better use tags, here’s another five-second hack. If you have an existing audience in multilingual markets- OR you’re trying to break into a foreign market- use Google Translate to tag your videos in the appropriate language(s). Let’s tackle a quick example. To begin, visit the Google Translate page. You will see two boxes. On the left you will type your origin language words and phrases. And on the right, you will see the translated outputs. In this example, I translated English → Spanish. However, you can choose any available language using the arrow drop-down selections. While Google Translate isn’t always 100 percent accurate, you’re pretty safe using it to translate simple words and phrases to use as tags for your video content.  ¡Muy bien! #YouTube marketing tip: Translate your tags into foreign languages to break into foreign markets7) Use YouTube to Improve SEO Everyone wants better search engine optimization, right? Well, video is another opportunity to excel in this all-important marketing strategy. And for those in the know, YouTube has huge SEO potential. Not convinced? Just take a look at the screenshot below. Google loves YouTube and frequently gives it some prime real estate in search results. So, if you’re going to maximize on YouTube’s reach, a small but mighty tip is to optimize your video’s description. The Anatomy of a Winning YouTube Description To see it in action, here’s a great example of an optimized YouTube video description from genius SEO Brian Dean. Original image credit: Backlinko In his ultimate guide, Brian explains that the most effective video descriptions have these four things in common: The link you want to send traffic to at the top of your description to increase click-through-rates (CTRs). Your target keyword appears within the first twenty-five words of the description. Your video’s description is at least 250 words long. Your keyword is included three to four times in the description. To nail your video descriptions, then, make sure you know: What keyword you’re targeting via smart research. Know where you want to send traffic + why your audience would logically visit the link as a next-step from your video. Exactly what value your video adds to your viewers. This way you can write copy that marries the promise you’re making with how you’re going to deliver on it. #YouTube marketing tip: Pay attention to YouTube #SEO!While YouTube mastery is an art in itself, now you have seven solid video marketing tips to rock on the world’s favorite video viewing platform  and increase your traffic. Now keep cruising†¦ There are more video marketing tips where that came from! Recommended Reading: How to Make a Video Content Marketing Strategy to Boost Your New Series Facebook Video Marketing Tips According to research by Animoto, Facebook is the most impactful social channel for video content, outperforming all other channels 8.4x. With the huge potential payoff of Facebook video marketing for driving engagement and traffic, let’s jump into some of our best tips. 8) Hack the Process With Best Time Scheduling + Social Video One of the most common questions we’ve encountered at is a simple one: â€Å"What are the best times to post on social media for the most traction?† That’s a great question. And it’s answer is all about the numbers. Fortunately, we’ve got your back. We took a deep dive and analyzed 20 studies  to determine the exact answer- and for every major platform. The result was our best time scheduling  tool that’s built right in to . It’s fueled by all the latest data so there is zero guesswork about when to post on any given social channel. Essentially, it’s the best way to harness the power of analytics + automation to increase your video marketing reach. Here’s a quick video about how it works: Best Time Scheduling Where this tool really goes to work for your video marketing efforts is when combined with one of my other fave marketing weapons: social video. With social video, you can share and manage ALL of your social media videos in one place. Introducing Social Video From Blog When used together, you simply need to upload your video(s) and select the networks you’d like them posted to using best time scheduling. And you’re done. Simple as that. Both features are part of . However, if you prefer a method with a bit more elbow grease involved, you can use the Time to Post Kit  that came in your free Video Marketing Kit (download it now if you haven’t already!). As you dig in, you’ll notice some seriously interesting finds that bear huge implications for posting times. For instance, did you know that 80 percent of the U.S. population is located in the Central and Eastern time zones? From there, you’ll see an infographic breakdown of: What days to post on every major social channel, What times to post on those channels, And what percentage of engagement you can expect. Additionally, you’ll find three custom Google Analytics reports to help you measure your own progress and video marketing success. Best Time Scheduling + Social Video = Facebook video marketing automation bliss in @:9) How to Add Captions for Silent Viewing Ready for a show-stopping stat? 85 percent of Facebook videos  are watched with no sound. Wowzers. So let’s take a look at the easiest way to make your videos perform well even without sound. In this tip, you’re going to learn how to create captions for your Facebook videos. At first blush, the process seems pretty technical and tough. However, there’s an easy, and economical, way to get the job done. You can always use Facebook’s automatically generated captions feature. However, some folks have trouble with the system misunderstanding words or phrases and adding gibberish. So, if you want to be in charge of quality control and accuracy, here’s how it works. First, understand that Facebook uses a special file called a SubRip  that will have end with â€Å".srt†. To use captions, you will need to create a SubRip file with your video’s transcription included. There are many ways to create this kind of file. In this tip, I’ll give you two. One will cost a few bucks and the other is free- though it’ll cost you some time. Use a Professional Transcription Service The quickest way to create this kind of file is by using a professional transcription service. You can use a service like Rev  for quick turnaround with low costs, starting at a buck per minute. This option makes a lot of sense if you’re working with a short video because you don’t have to spend the time transcribing. You can simply upload a video or share a link to the published video if it’s on YouTube or Vimeo already. Bam. Done. Now, there is also a way to do this for free if you’re working on a super tight budget. So I’ll touch on that, too. Then, we’ll cover how to upload your SubRip file to Facebook. Use a YouTube Hack to Auto-Transcribe The next way to create this kind of file is by using YouTube to hack the process. You’ll need a YouTube channel to implement this tip, so if you don’t have one, make sure to create one. To start, login to Creator Studio  by clicking on your profile pic in the upper right-hand corner of the screen. Next, if you’ve already uploaded the video, go ahead and select it. And if it’s a video you don’t ultimately want public on your YouTube channel, you can choose to upload it via the Video Manager  with a â€Å"Private† listing. That way you won’t notify your subscribers about a video that won’t be sticking around! Next, navigate to your video manager and find the video you’re creating captions for. Click on the drop-down arrow next to the â€Å"edit† button and select â€Å"Subtitles/CC† from the list. (If it’s your first time you’ll be prompted to select the language your video is in.) Next, you’ll click on the blue â€Å"Add new subtitles or CC†Ã‚  button, then choose the appropriate language. You’ll then choose â€Å"Transcribe and auto-sync† to manually type your transcription and then auto-sync the newly-written caption with the spoken words in the video. Once you’ve done this, a transcription box will appear and you can start typing away. By default, there’s a nice setting that pauses the video while you’re typing so you can keep up. Then, once completed, click the blue â€Å"Set timings† button. YouTube will then put it’s smarty-pants brain to work syncing your transcription up with your video content’s audio. Now you’re on the final stretch of creating the .srt file. To bring it in for a landing, follow this sequence  using the screenshots below. Click on the â€Å"Save changes† button. Click on â€Å"English† (or whichever language your caption was created in). Finally, click on the â€Å"Actions† drop-down and select â€Å".srt† to download the file. Well done, you. Now you’ve got a fresh .srt file that’s ready to enhance your Facebook video’s silent-viewing goodness. How to Add Your .srt File to a Facebook Video Now that you’ve either received your .srt file from a pro service or downloaded one you just created on your own, it’s time to finish the job. For starters, make sure the file is named correctly using Facebook’s naming convention: filename.[language code]_[country code].srt So, if you’re in the U.S., it would look like this: video_name.en_US.srt (If you’re not in the U.S., hop over here to view all available country codes.) Now that you’re file is in ship-shape, you can work through the step-by-step directions  below that come straight from Big Blue itself: Add Captions to Your Page's Video With a SubRip (.srt) File: Make sure that your caption files are correctly named  and formatted  before you upload them. Click Share a photo or video  at the top of your Page's Timeline. Click Upload Photos/Video  and select a video from your computer. Click Captions, then click Upload SRT File. Choose a .srt file from your computer. Select an optional Default Language. If you select a default language, captions will appear in this language when a viewer's preferred language isn't available. Finish adding details to your video and click Publish. To add captions to an existing video on your Page, find the post on your Page's Timeline, click   in the top-right corner, select Edit Post  and follow the steps above. Note: People who watch your Page's video with sound turned off will automatically see captions. People who watch your video with sound turned on will need to turn on captions to see them. The language people see captions in is determined by their preferred language. Finally, if you’re interested in taking a shot at Facebook’s automatic captions feature, here are the step-by-step instructions: Automatically Generate Captions for Your Page's Video Click Share a photo or video  at the top of your Page's Timeline Click Upload Photos/Video and select a video from your computer Click Publish Once your video has been published, click Generate  from the banner at the top of your post Edit the captions and click Save to Video Note: Generating captions for videos is currently only available in US English. Now, your video is ready to be viewed silently on desktop and mobile for all the world to see. Nice work, you’ve just increased the odds of your video being viewed by 12 percent. #Facebook video marketing tip: Use captions (85% of video on platform watched w/o sound)10) How to Understand Facebook Video Metrics When it comes to social media metrics, there is data aplenty. But the real trick to data-driven video marketing is knowing what numbers to pay attention to. In this tip, I’m going to break down the essential in-app Facebook video metrics to help you discern what success looks like for you. Then, once you know what numbers tell your marketing story, you can optimize, optimize, optimize! Begin With the End in Mind As the quotable Dr. Stephen R. Covey said: â€Å"Begin with the end in mind.† The same is true when we’re talking data. To understand what stats matter, you must first decide the action(s) you’re trying to inspire with your video marketing. In this post, the focus has been on driving traffic to a specific place- whether a website, landing page, other video content, or any place else. For our aims, then, I’m not going to focus on views- as that’s often a vanity metric. After all, Facebook counts a view when someone watches at least 3 seconds or more  (while YouTube counts a view after 30 seconds or so). If you ask me, it’s tough to make a case for basing content optimization decisions off of 3-second video â€Å"views.† Instead, let’s look at video retention, video engagement, and clicks  on your video. To view the data for each of these, login to Facebook, then navigate to your page. From here, click on the â€Å"Insights† tab and then choose the â€Å"Videos† option on the left-hand column. Video Retention Video retention is a key metric because it helps you understand just how many people are sticking around for your videos. You can view these stats all the way down to individual posts. From there, you can filter the data into: auto-played vs. clicked-to-play or paid vs. organic. In the image below, you can see that about 67 percent of this video’s viewers dropped off after only 5–6 seconds of view time. While Facebook analytics would count that as a â€Å"view,† it’s really helpful to know that only 5–10 percent of viewers actually hung around to the end. (Original image source: Facebook; Notes ours.) Video Engagement Video engagement measures all of the actions (likes, comments, shares, and clicks) your viewers took. You’ll notice there are two really big numbers on the top of the screenshot below: 59,456  people reached, And 21,625  video views. Don’t jump to those numbers right away- even if they’re big. I’m not discounting their potential relevance. For example, reach is helpful in seeing how many opted-in fans vs. non-fans have seen your content. However, if your focus is traffic, zero in on the three metrics in boxes below: likes, shares, and link clicks. (Original image source: Facebook; Notes ours.) Why Likes, Shares, and Clicks Matter Often, â€Å"likes† get a bad rap as a vanity metric. However, an interesting study from the National Academy of Sciences  conducted with 86,000 volunteers showed that their â€Å"likes† revealed their political leaning between with an astounding 85 percent accuracy. So, as Steve Rayson wrote: â€Å"This would appear to indicate quite strongly that people ‘like’ content that resonates with them.† Bottom line, you can at least  trust likes to give you insight into whether or not your video content resonates with your audience or not. Though I’d never encourage you to build a social media strategy  based on them. Next, marketers often value shares more highly than likes because they cost people more in terms of social capital. Shares display specific user intent and reaction to your content. In essence, shares signal that viewers explicitly thought their friends needed to see a given video (for good reasons or for bad!). And lastly, link clicks are important to traffic because†¦ Well, you have to get people to click on links to get to your stuff! The Easiest Way to Get It Right Those are only three of the many valuable analytics available on every social platform. If you’re looking for a painless way to see how every video and social post is doing across a variety of channels, our social analytics tool is  a frictionless way to do so. Social Analytics from : Prove the ROI of the work you do! #Facebook video marketing tip: analyze video post performance with Social Analytics in @:Continued analysis is the key to learning and becoming a better marketer. The more often you pay attention to the right data- and let them drive your decisions- the more effective you’ll become. Just like how Susan Moeller  of BuzzSumo  described her process in an episode  of the Actionable Marketing Podcast: â€Å"I like to actually do the research and see what comes out of [it] even if the result does tell you that yes, puppies and babies are popular on Facebook.† Recommended Reading: How to Do Facbeook Video Marketing the Right Way Twitter and Instagram Video Marketing Tips Great news. On Twitter, videos are six times more likely  to be retweeted than photos.  And Instagram users share over 95 million photos and videos per day. So, let’s take a look at how you can make the most of those tasty stats. 11) Use Video Replies in Addition to Tweets Okay, technically this isn’t a tip to market your videos, per se. But it is a sweet, low-effort-high-reward way to use video on Twitter. It’s all about spending a few extra seconds on your replies. When people tweet @ you, they’re doing so because they care about both you and  your content. So, when is there a better time to deepen a social media interaction than when they’re talking to you? The concept is simple: When someone replies, retweets, or mentions you on Twitter, hit them back with a video response instead of text. If you want some inspiration on how to execute this tip, spend a few minutes watching @garyvee  show us how it’s done. PS:  While we’re on this kick, why don’t you swing by and tweet me a video hello @Jordan_Loftis?! I’d be happy to strike up a conversation. #Twitter video marketing tip: Interact with your audience using video replies12) Go Beyond the â€Å"Link in Bio† Tactic With This Nifty Tool As you know, Instagram is a bully when it comes to links in posts. Because they don’t allow them, most Instagramers use the â€Å"fresh link in bio† trick. That’s where you change the one link you’re allowed to have in your bio with each relevant post. However, there’s a nifty service called elink.io  that’s built a better mousetrap- or at least a better way to use your solitary Instagram link. In essence, it allows you to create a sort of Inception  of links (links within links). When you create such a link, elink.io launches a unique page with curated links. This means that not only can you update it with fresh content, but you can add a host of related links with ease. Here’s how it works. To start, signup for an account (they have free option to get started). Then, you can choose to watch their quick tutorial or jump straight in and get your hands dirty. We’ll throw caution to the wind and get started right away. Edgy, I know. Once you’re in, it’s time to create your first link. Simply click on â€Å"Create New† on the left. From here, you have some customization options. But it’s easiest to start with a template. We’ll use the one named â€Å"Legian.† Next, it’s time to paste in the bevy of links you’d like to include. I’m going to use a roundup to some of my favorite articles and my Twitter profile. As you add links, your template will fill out with each one. The interface gives you a nice preview on the right half of the screen, as well. Once you’re happy, click the blue â€Å"Next† button to press on. After you’ve added your links there are just a few steps left. You’ll select a header, enter in a title and description, and then smash the â€Å"Create Link† button to go live! Select a Header Enter a Title + Description Create Your Custom Link  (and add profile info if you’d like!) Here’s my final product: https://elink.io/p/social-media-mastery-roundup Obviously this tool has more applications than Instagram only. But it’s certainly a way to up your Instagram video marketing game! #Instagram video marketing tip: Use this tip with @elink_io to make the most of your bio link13) Automatically-Schedule Promo Posts Using One of social media marketing’s perpetual woes is Instagram’s closed API. This shuts down almost every third-party app from posting to the social platform on your behalf. That is...except for ðŸ˜Æ' We already have some detailed posts  on exactly how  to use to do this. So in this tip I’ll describe the highlights†¦ Or, you can watch this quick video: Schedule Instagram Posts Along With Everything Else Schedule all your Twitter and Instagram posts (and more) with @How it Works To put this feature to work for your video marketing, you’ll need to download the mobile app (available on iPhone  + Android). You can schedule Instagram posts right from your marketing calendar. Then, when it’s time for the post to land, you’ll see a push notification from the app with the exact message you’ve already created. Then, with a few taps, you can hop into Instagram and drop your post in. An additional bonus is that you can also schedule Instagram posts automatically with ReQueue! Recommended Reading: How to Get Started With Twitter Video Marketing Tips to Use Video For Blogging + Email Of course your video content will make many an appearance on your blog. Plus, if you’ve gone through the work of creating videos, you’ll want to cash in on the fact that using video in emails leads to a 200–300 percent increase  in click-through-rate. In this section of tips, we’ll cover some overlooked insights on doing both well. 14) Embed Videos Wisely Have you ever wondered what the difference between adding a link to a video and embedding it? Wonder no more! In a nutshell, embedding a video means a viewer doesn’t have to leave his or her current web page to watch the video. Whereas linking to a video means the same viewer will be redirected to the destination URL. Basically, embedding videos keeps people in their seats while links send them somewhere else. Both have their advantages. But embedding videos rather than linking to them from your website or blog is a great way to keep them on your site for longer. And it’s an absolutely essential tactic to use for landing pages that convert. Alright, let’s use YouTube as an example of how to use this nifty spell of internet magic. YouTube: Linking vs. Embedding Here’s the video we’ll be working with: As an example, here’s how you would grab the code to embed a YouTube video on your blog. Instead of clicking on the â€Å"Share† tab, like in the image above, click on the â€Å"Embed† tab, like in the image below. Once you click on this tab, you can copy the necessary embed code and paste it directly onto your site. This way, viewers can watch the video without ever leaving your site. This, as said above, gives you much greater ownership and control of their experience. However, there is one concern to keep in mind when it comes to embedding videos: page load speed’s impact on SEO. Said Mark Robertson, founder of ReelSEO (now Tubular Insights): â€Å"Aside from making sure that video adds value and fits into the context of your message, there are a few video publishing best practices to keep in mind that, if done improperly, can potentially harm SEO efforts. The most important of these, is to follow best practices for mobile friendliness (e.g. HTML5) and page speed considerations. â€Å"As an example, adding multiple video embeds to a single page, if not done correctly, can greatly increase page load times. We know that page speed is a ranking factor, but even worse would be if potential visitors abandon your page altogether- negating any user benefits and sending additional negative signals to the algorithms.† The moral of the story is to make the most of video embedding by balancing viewer-experience control with page-load-speed considerations. If you simply must embed a legion of YouTube videos on a single post or page, however, you may want to consider this clever method  for doing so without increasing page load speeds. 15) Know How Video Content Fits Into Your Overall Strategy We’re not advocates of #strategy as a #buzzword. Our goal is never to heap extra work, planning, tasks, follow ups, and more onto your marketing plate. To us, strategy should be pretty dang simple and straightforward: Video content is no different. So, how can you make your video content work best for driving traffic to your other content? One tip is understanding what problem your video solves, and how that problem relates to other content you’ve created. How to drive traffic using the PSP Framework Think about it in the problem-solution-problem (PSP) framework (which I learned through a free workshop via Jeff Walker). You’ve likely heard of the problem-solution framework, as that’s a pretty popular method of writing essays in school. Simply put, this strategy introduces a problem, then offers a solution. With the PSP structure, however, you tag on an additional problem at the end that sets your audience up to crave more. Here are the bones of the strategy. If your current video content solves a problem, you can introduce a logically related problem to compel the viewer to click further down your content funnel. For instance, let’s say you created a video about how to train your dog to catch a ball. (Which, incredibly, is actually possible.) Now your viewers know the ins and outs of teaching their dogs an awesome new trick. However, let’s take a step back and ask an important question, â€Å"What other content have I created that solves a related problem?† For instance, maybe you’ve written the ultimate guide to teaching your dog how to catch 1,000 balls. (^ I like to keep my examples pretty true to life.) In this far-fetched example, you can add some copy, a YouTube card or end screen, or even a quick â€Å"pro-tip† that helps your viewers see that not only have you solved their current problem, but you’ve already solved their next one as well. This is a great way to go beyond the standard â€Å"related posts† fare and drive traffic. #Video marketing tip: Make sure you understand how video is integrated into the rest of your...16) Use GIFS for Using Video in Email Marketing Good news†¦ There’s a better way to promote your video content There’s a slight problem with video marketing and email- most email clients won’t display embedded video content. This means your videos will get stripped from your emails. That’s where the beloved GIF enters the picture. Which is great, because everyone loves GIFs. Not only can they be hilarious: But they can also serve an excellent video marketing purpose. Namely, as video previews in email marketing. Let’s take a look at how to create GIFs for use in email. The most painless way I’ve found is using the popular GIF site called GIPHY. They have a function that allows you to create your own using already published videos or uploading your own files. In this example, we’ll use a video from ’s YouTube channel. Let’s say we’re promoting this video that’s about what it’s like to work here. (^ It’s a blast, btw.) To create our GIF, start by copying the video’s URL. Then, visit GIPHY’s GIF Maker tool. You’ll land on this page ^^^ and select one of three ways to create your GIF. After pasting your link or uploading your files, it’s time to get creative. Making the GIF has a few steps: Make sure you have the right URL pasted. Choose when your GIF starts. Select the overall duration of your GIF. (Optionally, you can also add a caption or tags.) Click create! Then, after it crunches the GIF into existence, you can copy the link, share it on social media, embed it on a website, or download it as a file! Here’s what my preview GIF looks like: Now, there are some email clients that don’t display GIFs well, like Outlook. However, in that case, you can still use your GIF as a static image. Just make sure the opening image makes sense and looks good! Here’s a list of some popular email marketing platforms that offer GIF support along with links on how to get it done: Campaign Monitor Mailchimp Emma Aweber Constant Contact

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Human Motivation in Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human Motivation in Organization - Essay Example On the contrary, an energized person toward a conclusion is regarded as motivated. Most people working with others are concerned with motivation and thereby raising the question of the amount of motivation one has for a task arises. Practitioners foster more motivation in those close to them. The forces, which drive motivation, can occur in different nature: biological, emotional, cognitive, or social2. Individual conduct is at the heart of a person’s motivation and it is so vital in understanding and influencing motivation. Individual behavior is important in comprehending and influencing motivation for a number of reasons. Each person possesses a set of requirements as well as a diverse set of objectives. Individuals conduct themselves in a manner aimed at satisfying their needs and fulfilling their goals. Thus, people behave differently. Businesses, such as firms can provide some of the contentment sought by individuals. For example relationships, personal development, sens e of belonging, and intellectual encouragement among others. Motivation is important for businesses and the best ones have the best-motivated employees. Some characteristics define well-motivated workers: increased productivity, quality work without much wastage, prompt urgency, availability of feedback and suggestions necessary for improvements, and more feedback demands from the management. Motivated employees produce more for a particular resources level than poorly motivated employees do. Such employees make things happen, when they need to and take ownership of their duties. In this regard, my position is that individuals are not simply motivated by money offered to perform given tasks for a firm, but other things can explain why people do things the way they do. Motivational theory can explain why people do things the way they do. Discussion Behavior is directed to and originates from unsatisfied needs. According to Maslow, unsatisfied is the most significant word, he states, â€Å"If we are interested in what actually motivates us and not what has or will, or might motivate us, then a satisfied need is not a motivator.† When behavior is termed goal-oriented, it implies that people feel a need, want, or drive to accomplish something, which results in realization of a goal. However, the question arises if the goal is a part of the self already in existence. It thus questionable if the factor stimulates the need or if the goals as well as the needs are the same thing. A goal is the outcome that one strives to achieve in order to satisfy particular needs. It is the resulting yield, the need, the steering force, which encourages obtaining the result3. A good exemplar is a student aiming to attain an A marks. This goal may display different needs and thus, the student should confirm his or her competence; colleagues may be all scoring A’s thereby forcing this student to wish the same to obtain their esteem, to attain the best, and may be to obta in a scholarship. Therefore, it is hard to deduce goals from needs. Money is sometimes described as a motivator. It represents dissimilar things to diverse people thereby saying that people work for money is worthless. All we should understand is the needs the money is fulfilling, be it survival, success, status, belonging, or a convenient performance scorecard. As noted earlier, conduct is directed to as well as results from unsatisfied

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

THE FOREIGN CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

THE FOREIGN CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT - Essay Example In 1977, congress endorsed the FCPA in response to the revealed widespread bribery where company managements resorted to falsification of company records and bribery. Through the FCPA act, the congress aimed at protecting the image of American democracy abroad while reinforcing the integrity US companies. In addition, the enactment of FCPA was aimed halting corrupt practice while restoring public confidence. The main intention of the enactment was to illegalize payments completed to foreign government officials by some persons and entities in quest of attaining or sustaining business (Koehler, 2013, p. 6). Two provisions used to attain this goal focus on anti-bribery and accounting. Through the anti-bribery provision, FCPA prohibits bribery of foreign public officials despite their position or rank. Since FCPA does not cover private-to-private bribery, a foreign public official serving in the capacity of judicial or legislative position, individuals practicing public roles on foreign land, , or an official serving in public firms. The Act also prohibits firms against issuing valuable things like money, offers, payments, promises to give, or gifts (Harris, 2011). Companies that participate in such payments are subject to FCPA liability as well as violations of anti-bribery provisions that include offers and promises, and actual gifts and payments. In addition, firms are prohibited from using intermediaries like consultants, businesses associates, and partners among others, to ‘knowingly’ make payments or portions prohibited by FCPA. For local and international companies listed in the US SEC, FCPA requires meeting bookkeeping provisions. The aim is to enhance the FCPA anti-bribery provisions to oversee that companies not only make but also maintain accurate records and books reasonably representing the company’s transactions (Cragg, 2005). Additionally, the

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Decision Making Process Essay Example for Free

Decision Making Process Essay Decision-Making Process Carol Hartfield MGT/230 June 20, 2011 Mike Osby Decision-Making Process Decision-making can be difficult and disastrous if not thought out carefully. Some decisions once made cannot be changed, and the outcome could change your life forever. Of the six stages of the decision-making process, I, like others, can say I do not use all the stages, if I made my decision using the stages my outcome may have been better that it was. I wanted to change jobs to spend more time with my son and make our lives better. If I had used the decision-making process my decision would have been different. The first step of the process is identifying and diagnosing the problem. I identified the problem, I needed more money and a daytime job with as few hours of overtime required. The diagnosis for the problem was to switch from nighttime data entry to daytime dialysis. I was not clear about what I wanted the decision to achieve. I was putting my situation in a negative perspective, e. g. , I do not want to work at night any more and I did not like the company. But such framing of the outcome in the negative does not set a direction to move towards, only what to move away from (McDermott, n. . ) . The positive outcomes should have been stated for my goal to be achieved. The decision-making process steps are, generating alternative solutions and evaluating alternatives. I did not follow these two processes; maybe if I would have I would have had a better outcome. I would have had a plan if the new job failed to give the results anticipated. Within evaluating the alternative I would have done more research on my earnings potential of the new job versus my old job. The next step of the decision-making process was implementing the decision. This was not an easy task to complete. My schedule for sleeping was hard to change, and I had to work the night job for two weeks before I could leave. Implementation of the decision was the hardest part of the process since I had to work and train at the same time for two weeks with hardly any sleep. I would have allowed time to transition from one jog to the other if I had used the six steps in the readings from this week. Evaluating my decision was also an easy task; my bills started piling up because I was not making the money promised from taking the job. I had to do something to make more money or go back to my previous position. I was lucky that I was friends with the new supervisor and she needed help because people had left. I could resume my position with the same seniority and pay. The decision to switch jobs would have been different if I had used the decision-making process listed in this week’s reading. I would have had alternative solutions and investigated the new job more than I did. In generating alternative solutions, I would have ensured I could have returned to my previous job and not agonized over if I could return or not. Reference McDermott, D. (n. d. ). How to make a decision. Retrieved from http://www. decision-making-confidence. com/index. html

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Welfare Reform Package: Helping Individuals Help Themselves Essay exam

It is nearly impossible to support one particular stance on the political spectrum for societal issues across the board. I have always placed myself in the libertarian category on the political spectrum, in the sense that I believe the government should refrain from passing laws that impose on individual freedom and support privatization and the free market. When it comes to the welfare state, I don’t think that the key to a successful reform necessarily lies in the cutting back of government spending, but rather a redistribution of the budget. I recognize the need for government assistance but firmly believe that more emphasis needs to be put on providing opportunities for individuals through job training, education, and work subsidies. As the American Political Science Association discussed, in their report on the rising inequalities present in democratic America, â€Å"Americans accept economic inequalities only when they are sure that everyone has an equal chance to get ahead† (APSA, 2004). The welfare state in the US was formulated as part of Roosevelt’s â€Å"New Deal† in response to the Great Depression of the 1930s. During that time, welfare was intended to provide aid to widows with children, while helping to support farm workers and stimulating the agricultural sector by using surplus as food aid. This era paved the way for social security, emergency relief funds, and created the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). The 1960s brought the second large wave of welfare reform with Lyndon Johnson’s â€Å"Great Society† legislation. Johnson waged a â€Å"war† on poverty by increasing social services and drastically increasing the population receiving AFDC. The subsequent decades brought about debate as attempts at welfare reductio... ...cation and creating a climate in which a more educated population is possible would create more opportunity and reduce the passing of welfare dependence from generation to generation. Works Cited Alesina, A., & Glaeser, E. L. (2004). Fighting poverty in the us and europe: A world of difference. Oxford: Oxford University Press. American Political Science Association. (2004). ASPA task force report: American democracy in an age of rising inequality. Perspectives on Politics, 2(4), 651-666. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3688533 Bane, M. J., & Mead, L. M. (2003). Lifting up the poor: A dialogue on religion, poverty & welfare reform. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Georgetown University Morgen, S., Acker, J., & Weigt, J. (2010). Stretched thin: Poor families, welfare work, and welfare reform. New York: Cornell University.